Judgment No. HB 80/06
Case No. HC 1106/03
MARTIN ZIGWATI
(Duly represented by Maxwell Zigwati)
versus
EMMANUEL MUNOWAPEI
And
DEPUTY SHERIFF, KWEKWE N O
IN THE HIGH COURT OF ZIMBABWE
NDOU J
BULAWAYO 3 AUGUST 2006
T C Masawifor plaintiff
1stdefendant in person
NDOU J: The plaintiff’s claim is in the following terms:
“(a) An order that 1stdefendant take all the necessary steps to pass transfer of the property to the plaintiff by signing all necessary papers.
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An order that if [1st] defendant within 7 days of the court’s order to take necessary steps, the 2nddefendant be authorised to take such steps on the defendant’s behalf.
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Costs of suit.
In the alternative plaintiff claims:
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payment in the sum of $100 000 000,00 being the present value of the property.”
The background facts giving rise to the dispute between the parties are the following. On 13 July 2002 at Kwekwe, the plaintiff and 1stdefendant entered into an agreement of sale of stand number 40 Redcliff Township in which the 1stdefendant agreed to sell and the plaintiff agreed to purchase the aforesaid property. The written agreement was attached to the pleadings in the form of Annexure ‘A’.
It was an express term of the agreement that the 1stdefendant would take all reasonable steps necessary for the delivery of the property to the plaintiff upon
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payment of the purchase price. The plaintiff’s case is that he has complied with his antecedent and honoured all his reciprocal obligations particularly in that-
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he paid the purchase price in full;
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he has not breached any term of the said agreement.
The 1stdefendant is now refusing to sign all papers necessary to transfer title over to the plaintiff. It is the 1stdefendant’s case that the plaintiff failed to make the payments towards the purchase price on the agreed date resulting in the 1stdefendant losing a Torwood property he intended to purchase using the proceeds of his sale agreement with the plaintiff. He therefore states that the plaintiff is in material breach of the agreement, thus he is no longer bound by it and tenders refund of the purchase price.
I, therefore, proceed to consider the evidence adduced in order to determine the issue ventilated by the pleadings.
Maxwell Zigwati
He represented the plaintiff in the agreement by virtue of a power of attorney. He is also representing the plaintiff in these proceedings by power of attorney. The plaintiff is his brother. He said that the plaintiff is married to 1stdefendant’s sister and the parties attend the same church. He said the purchase price according to the agreement of sale was $4 000 000,00. On the date of signature, the plaintiff paid the 1stdefendant $1 million. The balance was to be paid in full on 31 August 2002. The plaintiff was unable to do so on account of logistical problems as the money emanated from the United States of America. The plaintiff offered $700 000,00 in the meantime. The 1stdefendant agreed and he was accordingly paid $700 000,00. He signified this fact by signing an acknowledgment of receipt exhibit I, wherein he
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wrote, “I, Emmanuel Munowapei, do hereby acknowledge receipt of $700 000,00 from Maxwell Zigwati in respect of No 5 Durham Redcliff …” Thereafter, the 1stdefendant told him to pay through his wife. He made arrangements with 1stdefendant’s wife to meet on 5 September 2002. On this date, he paid her $2 280 000,00. She signified this fact by signing an acknowledgment of receipt for the said amount i.e. exhibit 2. Two days later i.e. 7 September 2002, he paid the balance of $20 000,00 and once more the 1stdefendant’s wife acknowledged receipt in the form of exhibit 3. All this time he was based in Gokwe. He came to Redcliff towards the end of October 2002 in order for the parties to effect transfer. The 1stdefendant said he did not have the title deeds so nothing was done. Again in November 2002 he came back on the same mission. The 1stdefendant gave him some explanation. He returned in December 2002 and again in January 2003 and the explanation was still the same i.e. the 1stdefendant was waiting for the title deeds. In February 2003 he received information that the 1stdefendant had received the title deeds and he approached him. This time the 1stdefendant shifted goal posts. He suggested that the purchase price be converted into a soft loan repayable over a period of time. The 1stdefendant made him another offer that the plaintiff becomes a partner in his recently formed company involved in dealing in cement. This offer was once more declined. The 1stdefendant suggested that plaintiff pays $8 million over and above the $4 million already paid. It was only in May 2003 that the 1stdefendant for the first time raised the issue of late payment of the balance on the purchase price due on 31 August 2002. He said he wanted to buy another property in Torwood but failed to do so on account of the said delay. He said he challenged the 1stdefendant to produce proof of this Torwood sale but he failed to do so. The 1stdefendant was given seven months
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stay in the property in order to seek alternative accommodation. The witness was cross-examined at some length on the delay in paying the outstanding balance, and the authority of 1stdefendant’s wife to represent him. He said, under cross-examination, that to show that the 1stdefendant agreed to the extension of the date of payment of the balance, he did not return the purchase price for seven months. He only tendered repayment after seven months. He refuted the 1stdefendant’s allegation that he tried to return the purchase price in January 2003. He said in fact, as far as he is aware the 1stdefendant does not even have the money to repay the plaintiff. I hold the view that this witness gave his testimony very well. His evidence is satisfactory in all material respects. He did not seek to exaggerate his testimony. The 1stdefendant, Emmanuel Munowapei testified in support of his case. He said he decided to sell the house in order to get a smaller one. He approached Masango who was offering his house for $2 million. For his property, he had had prospective buyers offering between $7 and $8 million. But the plaintiff approached him as a relative he eventually agreed to sell him the house for $4 million. They agreed that plaintiff pays $1million on signature and the balance not later than 31 August 2002. The plaintiff failed to raise the balance of $3 million as promised. Because he wanted to show 1strespondent that he valued their relationship (not contractual relationship) he accepted the payment of $700 000,00. He told the 1stdefendant that if the balance was found it should be handed over to his wife. When he returned in October 2002 he found the rest of the purchase price with his wife after the person from whom he wanted to purchase the Torwood house refused to sell because of the delay.
Under cross-examination he was adamant that the mandate he gave to his wife was only to receive the balance of the purchase price and not more. I should
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highlighted that in his pleadings (drawn up by a legal practitioner) the 1stdefendant never raised issue that his wife had no authority.
Further, he could not say why he did not buy another property bearing in mind that the plaintiff delayed by just four days or so. The money was there in his custody so he did not suffer any prejudice as at the time he could buy other properties in the market. He conceded that a day before coming to court he approached the 1stdefendant with a view of settling. He also produced an affidavit by Augustine Masango. I will deal with the information deposed to by Masango later. I propose to deal with the credibility of the 1stdefendant first. In my view, the 1stdefendant did not perform well as a witness. He was exposed as a liar under cross-examination. The credible evidence shows that, after the purchase price was paid to him in full, he continuously gave the impression that he would effect the transfer once he had received his title deeds. Upon receipt thereof he shifted goal posts and demanded more money.
From the foregoing evidence it is clear that the plaintiff breached the contract by delaying payment by about four days. In this regard it was submitted that, by accepting the late payment, the 1stdefendant waived his right to complain that the payment was delayed by four days. It is trite that there is no magic formula attached to the defence of waiver. It is entirely a question of fact to be decided upon a consideration of all the circumstances of the particular case – Matimba v Salisbury Municipality 1965(3) SA 513 (SR AD) at p 515E-F; The Mud-Man Empire (Pvt) Ltd v H Nechironga and Ors HH-128-03 at p 6 and Buitendag v Buys AD 24-73. In this case the 1stdefendant received the delayed payments and thereafter undertook to
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effect transfer of the property. He only changed his mind some seven or so months later and demanded more money. The delay of seven months was caused by his bid
to obtain title deeds to effect change into the plaintiff’s name. On this finding alone I hold that plaintiff’s case should succeed.
However, there are other grounds as well. Further, the breach here i.e. the four day delay of paying the balance, is not so serious that it is essential to the continuation of the contractual tie. As pointed out in Bhoprops Ltd v Levy & Anor G-B-9-75 at p 12 of the cyclostyled judgment:-
“The law on this matter seems settled to be clearly settled. A purchaser’s remedy depends upon the seriousness of the defect and the purchaser will not be entitled to rescission unless the breach goes to the whole root of the contract.”
This, with respect, applies equally to rescission at the behest of the seller as is the case here. I say so because of what WATERMEYERCJ said in Aucamp v Morton 1949 (3) SA 611 (AD) at 619. The learned Chief Justice stated:
“… a breach by one party of the obligations resting on him will only give the other a right to treat the contract as discharged if the breach is one which evinces an intention on the part of the defaulter no longer to be bound by the terms of the contract for the future, or if the defaulter has broken a promise, the fulfilment of which is essential to the continuation of the contractual tie.”
This is not the case here. The defaulter, i.e. the plaintiff exhibited intentions to continue with the contract by making payments of the balance of the purchase price within a short period of time. The reasons for the delay were communicated to the 1stdefendant. 1stdefendant thereafter accepted the payment and has not returned the same to date. This conduct is consistent with the parties agreeing to continue with the contract.
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Further, the right to resile from an agreement does not arise merely by virtue of the fact that a contracting party has failed to carry out an obligation under an agreement timeously. In addition the defaulting party must be given a valid notice of rescission i.e. he is placed in mora. It is also an essential requirement that the mora
must relate to a vital or important terms of the agreement. Put differently, a notice of rescission is of no legal consequence unless it relates to the failure to perform a vital or important term of the contract timeously – Oatorian Properties (Pty) Ltd v Maroun 1973 (3) SA 779 (A). In this case, the 1stdefendant did not give a notice of rescission. Not only was he required to give a notice of rescission, but in order to constitute an acceptable notice of rescission, the language used in the notice must clearly and unequivocally convey an intention to cancel the contract – Asharia v Palet & Ors 1991 (2) ZLR 276 (SC). There was no such notice in casu. In fact, the 1stdefendant only formally raised the issue of cancellation in response to these proceedings.
Another issue is that we are dealing here with an instalment sale of land i.e. the payment of the purchase price was made “by way of a deposit and two or more instalments”. Here payment was by way of a deposit and two instalments. If my understanding of the facts is correct, then written notice to the defaulter was required in terms of section 8 of the Contractual Penalties Act [Chapter 8:04]. As alluded to above, no written notice of whatever kind was given to the plaintiff. The affidavit of Masango, supra, does not take the 1stdefendant’s case further. It has no dates when he agreed with 1stdefendant’s wife. Its relevance to these proceedings is not based on any foundation. The plaintiff has performed in terms of the contract as he has done all that he was obliged to do under obligation. He is entitled to an order for specific
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performance – Farmers Co-op Society v Berry 1912 AD at 350 and Ncube v Mpofu & Ors HB-69-06. I have a discretion to order specific performance which I must, however, exercise judicially. Each case must be judged in the light of its own circumstances. In this case damages are out of question. The 1stdefendant does not have resources to pay back the purchase price. I take judicial notice of the fact that the prices of similar properties have substantially gone up. From the evidence it is
clear that the 1stdefendant is a man of very limited means. The 1stdefendant cannot afford a similar property. The 1stdefendant has had the full purchase price for the property from November 2002 to date. On the one hand it would operate unreasonably hard on the plaintiff if a decree of specific performance is not granted. On the other hand the decree would not produce inequitable hardships on the part of the 1stdefendant. Specific performance, in casu does not entail rendering of a service of a personal nature.
It would not be difficult for the court to enforce the agreement as merx forming the subject matter of the agreement is in the hands of 1strespondent – see Haynes v King William’s Town Municipality 1951 (1) SA 371 AD at 378;Wheeldon v Moldenhaver, 1910 EDL 97; Mohr v Kriek 1953 (3) SA 600 SR; R vMilne and Ertleigh (7) 1951 (1) SA 791 AD and Crispette and Candy Co Ltd v Michaelis N O & Anor 1947 (4) SA 521 (AD). A specific performance decree would not produce injustice. There are no good and sufficient grounds for refusing the decree.
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Accordingly, it is ordered that:
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the 1stdefendant be and is hereby ordered to take all the necessary steps to transfer right, title and interest in property known as number 40 Redcliff Township to the plaintiff within seven (7) days of the order.
(b) Failing compliance with (a) above, the Deputy Sheriff, Kwekwe be and is hereby authorised to sign the relevant papers for the effecting of transfer to the plaintiff.
(c) The 1stdefendant pays costs of suit.
Masawi & Partners c/o Makonese & Partners,plaintiff’s legal practitioners
